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Steal, Deal and Repeat: How Cybercriminals Trade and Exploit Your Data (IOCTA 2025)
Europol European Cybercrime Centre
The Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment 2025 examines how organised crime has continued to evolve at an unprecedented pace, with data becoming a key commodity in criminal networks. The report analyses how cybercriminals increasingly target digital infrastructure, trade stolen personal and fin...
Fairness of the EU Migration and Asylum System
A. Blasco, B. Cabeza Martinez, N. Kajander, M. Krawczyk, S. Muench, F. Seiger
This JRC survey examines public perceptions of fairness in the EU migration and asylum distribution system. The research reveals that respondents across Member States believe asylum seekers are unevenly distributed across the EU and broadly support more balanced distribution among countries. The stu...
Case Study of Andalusia Space Ecosystem: Unlocking Regional Potential Through Dual Use and Defence Industry
C. Sillero Illanes, M. Durth, R. González, J.C. Castilla Barea, E. Caro Gómez
This case study examines how Andalusia can develop its space domain as a dual-use industry to strengthen European strategic autonomy. The analysis recommends seven action lines, including defence integration, improved access to financing, enhanced industrial competitiveness, multi-level governance c...
Data Access for Recommender Systems Research: Leveraging the EU's Digital Services Act
J. Vinagre, L. Porcaro, S. Merisio, E. Purificato, E. Gomez
This paper presents a tutorial on utilising the Digital Services Act's data access mechanisms to request datasets from Very Large Online Platforms for investigating systemic risks. It covers the legal framework enabling researchers to access platform data, practical steps for submitting data access...
Open Strategic Autonomy Through Defence Innovation? Lessons From The US Defence Innovation Systems
R. Kattel, J. Entsminger
This study contrasts the EU's fragmented defence R&D landscape with the centralised US system, particularly the DARPA model. It analyses how the US leverages agencies like DARPA, DIU, and In-Q-Tel to bridge the gap between emerging technology and military application. Rather than replicating DARPA's...
The Changing DNA of Serious and Organised Crime (EU-SOCTA 2025)
Europol Operational and Analysis Centre
Europol's flagship quadrennial threat assessment provides a comprehensive overview of the threats posed by serious and organised crime in Europe. The report identifies how criminal activities, network dynamics, and operational methods are evolving in response to technological change, geopolitical in...
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research — A Science for Policy, European Perspective
E. Purificato, D. Bili, R. Jungnickl, V. Ruiz Serra, J. Fabiani
This report examines how artificial intelligence is transforming the scientific process across hypothesis generation, experimental design, data analysis, and peer review. It addresses opportunities for EU research excellence alongside risks including algorithmic bias, reproducibility challenges, and...
Post-Quantum Cryptography: Journey and Challenges Ahead
M. Chenu, L. Sportiello
This report evaluates the threats quantum computing poses to current cryptographic systems and explores post-quantum cryptography (PQC) solutions. It assesses global research initiatives, standardisation activities led by NIST and ETSI, and early implementations designed to introduce quantum-resista...
European Energy Vision 2060: Charting Diverse Pathways for Europe's Energy Transition
Mostafa Barani, Konstantin Löffler, Pedro Crespo del Granado, Nikita Moskalenko, Evangelos Panos
This paper develops four long-term scenarios for Europe's energy future aligned with the European Green Deal's goal of achieving climate neutrality. The researchers establish a three-dimensional space defined by social dynamics, innovation, and geopolitical instabilities to frame their analysis. The...
Open but Not Powerless: Towards a Common Understanding of EU Digital Sovereignty
D. Di Marco, S. Thabit Gonzalez, A. Kotsev, A. Friis-Christensen, M. Minghini, M. King
This policy brief outlines the EU's strategic imperative to assert digital sovereignty while remaining collaborative globally. The framework spans four dimensions: digital governance, infrastructure and software/data systems, digital products and markets, and workforce development. It emphasises tha...
Cyber Resilience Act Requirements Standards Mapping
J.L. Hernandez Ramos, G. Karopoulos, I. Nai Fovino
This analysis identifies relevant cybersecurity standards addressing each requirement in the proposed Cyber Resilience Act (CRA). The study systematically evaluates existing standard coverage from ISO, IEC, ETSI, and CEN/CENELEC, and highlights potential gaps where additional standardisation work ma...
PayOff: A Regulated Central Bank Digital Currency with Private Offline Payments
Carolin Beer, Sheila Zingg, Kari Kostiainen, Karl Wüst, Vedran Capkun, Srdjan Capkun
This research addresses technical challenges in designing a digital euro that supports offline payments while meeting regulatory requirements from the European Commission. The authors developed PayOff, a novel CBDC architecture that balances privacy protection with regulatory compliance features lik...
Diversity in Artificial Intelligence Conferences
E. Gomez, L. Porcaro, P. Frau Amar, J. Vinagre
This analysis examines diversity indicators across seven major AI conferences (NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, AAAI, IJCAI, CVPR, ACL) from 2007 to 2023. Findings reveal persistently low gender diversity and geographic concentration in EU, US, and Chinese institutions, though recent diversity initiatives show...
Impacts of Climate Change on Defence-Related Critical Energy Infrastructure
R. Tavares Da Costa, E. Krausmann, C. Hadjisavvas
This is the first comprehensive analysis linking EU defence, energy, and climate change. The report provides concrete recommendations for defence decision-makers on climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. It addresses vulnerabilities of critical energy infrastructure supporting armed forces —...
Functional Trustworthiness of AI Systems by Statistically Valid Testing
Bernhard Nessler, Thomas Doms, Sepp Hochreiter
This position paper critiques the EU AI Act's conformity assessment procedures, arguing they fail to ensure genuine functional guarantees for AI systems. The authors advocate for reliable assessment of the statistical functional properties of an AI system as the mandatory nucleus of any conformity e...
Future of the Euro: Pay Everywhere and Whenever You Want
M. Bellia, F. Di Girolamo, I. Nai Fovino, M. Petracco Giudici, L. Sportiello, M. Vespe
This report explores how a digital euro could strengthen the euro's international role and European strategic autonomy in the payments domain. It examines the opportunities and design considerations of introducing a central bank digital currency alongside existing payment instruments. The analysis a...
Weaponizing Innovation? AI-enabled Security and Defence in the EU
Raluca Csernatoni
This paper examines the European Union's approach to integrating artificial intelligence into security and defence operations. It analyses the dual-use nature of AI technologies and the tensions between the EU's ethical AI framework and the military applications of emerging technologies. The study e...
Artificial Intelligence for the Public Sector
E. Farrell, M. Giubilei, A. Griciene, E. Hartog
This report synthesises findings from a series of webinars and a conference examining AI adoption in government across EU member states. Key insights include the need for multi-stakeholder approaches to AI deployment, the importance of experimental pilots before full-scale implementation, trustworth...
The EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence
Clara Portela, Raúl González Muñoz
This paper explores the European Union's pursuit of strategic autonomy in the space domain. It examines the EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence, analysing how Europe is developing independent space capabilities for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and secure communications. The stu...
The Ghost of AI Governance Past, Present and Future: AI Governance in the European Union
Charlotte Stix
This paper examines how the European Union functions as a third way to govern AI beyond the US-China competition framework. It explores three dimensions: the EU's coherent and comprehensive approach to AI governance emphasising ethical and trustworthy development; digital sovereignty through the len...